Atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do extrato etanólico bruto da folha da Hymenaea martiana Hayne frente às Staphylococcus spp. e avaliação de seu potencial como desinfetante em cabras / In vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Hymenaea martiana Hayne leaf on strains of Staphylococcus spp. and evaluation of its potential as a disinfectant in goats

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a ação antimicrobiana e antisséptica do extrato etanólico bruto da folha da Hymenaea martiana (Jatobá). O estudo foi realizado no Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia da UNIVASF, na cidade de Petrolina-PE. Os extratos foram preparados utilizando diferentes diluentes, sendo estes: álcool etílico absoluto e a água destilada. Em seguida, foi empregada a técnica da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (MIC) e da Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM). Todos os ensaios foram realizados em triplicata. A CBM média do extrato diluído em etanol foi de 358µg/µL e do extrato diluído em água destilada foi igual a 520,82µg/mL. Não houve diferença (P<0,05) quanto à inibição bacteriana para o extrato diluído em álcool etílico absoluto ou água destilada autoclavada. Ao comparar a atividade do extrato diluído em álcool etílico absoluto e a relação com a presença do gene blaZ, observou-se que os isolados negativos para o gene pesquisado apresentaram uma CBM igual a 412,3µg/mL, e, quando comparadas aos que foram positivos para o gene blaZ, que foi de 308,80µg/mL, contudo sem diferença estatística. Quanto à inibição das bactérias utilizando extrato aquoso, a atividade foi igual para as bactérias com ou sem o gene (520,82µg/mL). Desse modo, tanto o extrato diluído em álcool etílico absoluto quanto em agua destilada autoclavada demonstrou atividade antimicrobiana, sugerindo que ocorreu extração de substâncias bioativas. Em relação ao potencial antisséptico, H. martiana teve ação pareada com o cloro, contudo aquele agiu mais rapidamente, enquanto o cloro agiu de modo ideal uma hora após a aplicação; ambos os resultados destacam que o extrato etanólico bruto das folhas de H. martiana possui potencial de combate à proliferação de bactérias ambientais e infecciosas, surgindo como uma forma de prevenir a mastite.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antiseptic action of the crude ethanolic extract of Hymenaea martiana leaves. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of UNIVASF, city of Petrolina, state o Pernambuco. The extracts were prepared using different solvents, such as absolute ethyl alcohol and distilled water. Then, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) techniques were used. All assays were performed in triplicate. The average of MBC extract diluted in ethanol was 358µg/mL, and the extract diluted in distilled water was equal to 520.82µg/mL. There was no difference (P<0.05) and bacterial inhibition to extract diluted in absolute ethanol or autoclaved distilled water. Comparing the activity of the extract diluted in ethanol and the relation with the presence of blaZ gene, it was observed that the negative strains for there searched gene showed a MBC equal to 412.3µg/mL in relation to those that were positive for blaZ gene, that was 308.80µg/µL, and, however, there was no statistical difference. The bacterial inhibition activity using an aqueous extract was equal for the bacteria that had or not the blaZ gene (520.82µg/mL). Thus, the extract diluted in absolute ethanol in autoclaved distilled water as demonstrated antimicrobial activity, suggesting that occurred extraction of bioactive substances. Regarding the antiseptic potential, H. martiana had the same action of chlorine, although, this acted immediately, while the chlorine action happened properly an hour after the application. Both results pointed out that the crude ethanolic extract of H. martiana leaves has potential to combat the proliferation of environmental and infectious bacteria, emerging as a way to prevent mastitis.(AU)

Antidiarrheal activity of Solanum asterophorum in mice

Several species of Solanum are used in folk medicine to treat diarrhea. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate and compare possible antidiarrheal activity of methanol extracts from roots (Sast-MeOH R) and leaves (Sast-MeOH L) of Solanum asterophorum Mart., Solanaceae, in mice. Sast-MeOH R was shown to significantly and dose-relatedly inhibit the frequency of both solid (ED50 309.6±28.5 mg/kg) and liquid (ED50 152.1±32.5 mg/kg) stools. Conversely, Sast-MeOH L significantly inhibited solid stool frequency only when dosed at 500 and 750 mg/kg (48.7±7.4 and 42.3±9.8 percent, respectively), but also significantly and dose-relatedly inhibited liquid stools (ED50 268.4±35.2 mg/kg). Thus, Sast-MeOH R was twice as potent as Sast-MeOH L in diarrhea inhibition. Neither extracts (when dosed up to 500 mg/kg) inhibited intestinal transit. However, both extracts significantly and dose-relatedly inhibited intestinal fluids, and Sast-MeOH R (ED50 38.3±10.4 mg/kg) was again twice as potent as Sast-MeOH L (ED50 78.6±6.4 mg/kg). Results suggest that antidiarrheal effects of Sast-MeOH R and Sast-MeOH L involve changes on intestinal secretion. In addition, active metabolites with antidiarrheal activity may be more concentrated in the roots of this species. However further studies are needed to elucidate the action mechanism involved in this activity.

Brine shrimp bioassay of some species of Solanum from Northestern Brazil

Os extratos metanólicos de 13 espécies de Solanum (Solanaceae) foram testados para verifificação da bioatividade em Artemia salina. As espécies testadas (partes aéreas, raízes e frutos) foram: S. asperum, S. capsicoides, S. palinacantum, S. paludosum, S. paniculatum, S. paraibanum, S. sisymbriifolium, S. crinitum, S. diamantinense, S. megalonyx, S. torvum, S. asterophorum e S. stipulaceum. Das treze espécies testadas, quatro foram inativas. Os extratos dos frutos de S. asperum (CL50 = 420,5 µg/mL) e S. paludosum (CL50 = 548,0 µg/mL), partes aéreas de S. diamantinense (CL50 = 481,0 µg/mL) e S. sisymbrifolium (CL50 = 382,7 µg/mL), e das raízes S. asperum (CL50 = 593,4 µg/mL) e S. stipulaceum (CL50 = 823,1 µg/mL) que mostraram atividade moluscicida contra Biomphalaria glabrata também mostraram atividade tóxica em Artemia salina.

The methanolic extracts of 13 Specieis of the genus Solanum (Solanaceae) have been tested for bioactivity in Artemia salina. The extracts investigated were prepared from various parts (aerial parts, roots and fruits) of S. asperum, S. capsicoides, S. palinacantum, S. paludosum, S. paniculatum, S. paraibanum, S. sisymbriifolium, S. crinitum, S. diamantinense, S. megalonyx, S. torvum, S. asterophorum and S. stipulaceum. The lethal concentrations were determined for the extracts and among thirteen plants tested, four appear to be inactive. The extracts of the fruits of S. asperum (LC50 = 420.5 µg/mL) and S. paludosum (LC50 = 548.0 µg/mL), aerial parts of S. diamantinense (LC50 = 481.0 µg/mL) and S. sisymbrifolium (LC50 = 382.7 µg/mL), and the roots of S. asperum (LC50 = 593.4 µg/mL) and S. stipulaceum (LC50 = 823.1 µg/mL), all of which previously showed molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria glabrata were also found to be active in the present study with brine shrimp.